Dashnaiv Peptides
Compounds·metabolic other·ERR pan-agonist, exercise mimetic

SLU-PP-332: what the mouse studies show, why no human data exists, and what the exercise-mimetic label means

What 12 indexed publications and 0 randomized trials actually state about slu-pp-332, sentence by sentence, each tied to its source and labeled by the kind of evidence it is.

Observational, human Reviewed 9 sources Updated

At a glance

Evidence availability
Human clinical evidence
Strongest tier in the indexed literature
Indexed publications
12
Europe PMC, title or abstract, 2026-09-14
Human studies in ledger
2
0 randomized; study count, not efficacy proof
Approval
none found
no registered development programme
Routes reported
oral
from studies in this ledger
Studied in
Humans, Mice
8 primary studies in the evidence table
Reviewed by Adam Mirando, PharmD, on . What changed

What SLU-PP-332 is and how it acts

SLU-PP-332 is a small molecule in the metabolic other class (ERR pan-agonist, exercise mimetic). Europe PMC indexes 12 publications naming it or a listed alias in a title or abstract, including 0 randomized controlled trials and 0 clinical trials of any design, as of . The strongest evidence tier in that literature is observational human studies, with no indexed randomized trial.

This page reports what those studies state, sentence by sentence, with each statement tied to its source and labeled by the kind of evidence it is. It does not recommend use, and it does not translate study doses into anything personal.

What the evidence level means

Publication counts show what is indexed, not how strong the evidence is. The ledger below separates human clinical records from preclinical, analytical, and in-vitro work.

Human clinical studies in this ledger20 randomized · 2 other human clinical
Evidence strengthNot yet assessedSeparate from evidence availability
Efficacy signalNot yet assessedRead the study result, not the tier alone

Interpretation boundary: An indexed publication count is a discovery measure. It does not establish efficacy, safety, approval, or a personal treatment plan.

SLU-PP-332 in two minutes

What it is. A small molecule, not a peptide, that switches on the estrogen-related receptors controlling mitochondrial and fat-burning genes: the programme exercise turns on. Made at Saint Louis University as a research tool.

What the research actually shows. Twelve indexed publications. In mice: more endurance, more energy expenditure, less fat gain, better heart function in a disease model. In people: nothing. No human trial exists or is registered.

Status. Not approved anywhere; likely within WADA's prohibited metabolic-modulator class.

Where the evidence is thinnest. All of it, in people: dose, absorption, effect, safety, and long-term effects of switching on a receptor family involved in cancer biology.

Editorial synthesis Written from general pharmacology, the development record and what is commonly reported; not a cited finding. Cited findings on this page carry their own tier.

How SLU-PP-332 works

Written from general pharmacology and the development record, and marked as editorial synthesis; the measurements behind it are quoted in the biomarker section.

  • SLU-PP-332 is a small synthetic molecule, not a peptide, developed at Saint Louis University as an agonist of all three estrogen-related receptors (ERRα, β and γ). Those receptors are transcription factors that switch on genes for mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty-acid oxidation, the same programme that endurance exercise switches on, which is why the compound is described as an exercise mimetic.Editorial synthesis
    Editorial synthesis from general knowledge
  • In mice it increased running endurance, raised energy expenditure and fat oxidation, reduced fat gain on a high-fat diet without reducing food intake, and improved heart function in a heart-failure model. These are mouse findings from one research group and its collaborators, using intraperitoneal dosing, over two to four weeks.Editorial synthesis
    Editorial synthesis from general knowledge
  • No human trial exists and none is registered. The two indexed human entries are small studies of human tissue or cells, not treatment. A pharmaceutical company is developing successor ERR agonists; SLU-PP-332 itself is a research tool that reached the grey market from the papers.Editorial synthesis
    Editorial synthesis from general knowledge

What happened in the human studies?

This record's ledger holds 2 primary human studies. Few enough to show in full: each card quotes what its abstract reported about SLU-PP-332. Read them before any other section on this page.

  • Human study humans n = 10 2025 Observational, human
    Interestingly, SLU-PP-332 treatment promoted down-regulation of NOX4 and upregulation of SIRT1, PGC-1α, ERRα, FNDC5, Akt, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in myoblasts, reducing cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and senescence, as well as increasing levels of reduced glutathione.
    Source pmid-40692696 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Human study humans 2023 Observational, human
    Remarkably, similar to CR, an 8-week treatment with a pan-ERR agonist reversed the age-related increases in albuminuria, podocyte loss, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory cytokines, via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-STING and STAT3 signaling pathways.
    Source pmid-37717940 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

What did the studies find?

Reported outcomes in mice, not benefits in people. One row per primary study in this record's ledger. Fields are read from each paper's indexing and abstract. "Analytical method" marks papers about detecting or measuring the compound rather than about its effects.

8 primary studies in this record's ledger, strongest evidence first. A dash means the abstract did not state the value.
StudyDesignnSpeciesDoseRouteDurationReported outcomeTier
Bonanni 2025 Human study 10 Humans——— Interestingly, SLU-PP-332 treatment promoted down-regulation of NOX4 and upregulation of SIRT1, PGC-1α, ERRα, FNDC5, Akt, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) in myoblasts, reducing cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and… Observational, human
Wang 2023 Human study — Humans——21 month; 8 weeks Remarkably, similar to CR, an 8-week treatment with a pan-ERR agonist reversed the age-related increases in albuminuria, podocyte loss, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory cytokines, via the cyclic GMP-AMP… Observational, human
Billon 2026 Animal study — Mice—oral— We previously developed an ERR pan-agonist, SLU-PP-332 (332), which improves aerobic performance in mice but lacks oral bioavailability. Animal, preclinical
Billon 2024 Animal study — Mice——— SLU-PP-332 administration mimics exercise-induced benefits on whole-body metabolism in mice including increased energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation. Animal, preclinical
Xu 2024 Animal study — Mice——— Both SLU-PP-332 and SLU-PP-915 significantly improved ejection fraction, ameliorated fibrosis, and increased survival associated with pressure overload-induced HF without affecting cardiac hypertrophy. Animal, preclinical
Billon 2023 Animal study — Mice——— SLU-PP-332 increases mitochondrial function and cellular respiration in a skeletal muscle cell line. Animal, preclinical
Möller 2026 Analytical method — Humans——— — Mechanistic, in vitro
Okda 2026 In vitro study — Humans——— While SLU-PP-332 remains a strong benchmark for ERR activation, several analogues achieve comparable or context-dependent transcriptional responses while exhibiting improved ligand efficiency, solubility, or metabolic… Mechanistic, in vitro

SLU-PP-332 doses in studies

Every figure was given to mice by injection into the abdomen. No human dose exists.

ModelDose and routeDurationFinding
Mouse endurance study (2023)25 mg/kg intraperitoneal, daily15 daysLonger treadmill running; more oxidative muscle fibres
Mouse metabolic study (2024)50 mg/kg intraperitoneal, twice daily28 daysHigher energy expenditure; less fat gain on high-fat diet
Mouse heart-failure model (2024)IntraperitonealWeeksImproved ejection fraction, less fibrosis
Mouse study (2026)OralWeeksAerobic performance

Figures for this compound circulate on forums and vendor pages. None has been tested in a human study, so none is reproduced here; the table above holds every dose a study actually administered. The mouse doses are tens of milligrams per kilogram; scaling them to a person is not arithmetic, and no one has done it in a trial.

Editorial synthesis Written from general pharmacology, the development record and what is commonly reported; not a cited finding. Cited findings on this page carry their own tier.

Who SLU-PP-332 is discussed for, and the cautions that recur

The interest. Fat loss and endurance without exercise, which is exactly what the mouse papers describe.

  • Cancer. Estrogen-related receptors are implicated in several cancers; agonists of this family have not been studied for long enough in anything to know what chronic activation does.
  • Heart. The heart-failure benefit in mice is a reason for interest and a reason for caution: the compound changes cardiac metabolism.
  • Athletes. Likely prohibited under WADA S4.4; the class exists because of an earlier exercise mimetic, GW1516, whose development stopped over cancers in rodents.
  • Anyone. This is a research chemical with zero human exposure data.

Editorial synthesis Written from general pharmacology, the development record and what is commonly reported; not a cited finding. Cited findings on this page carry their own tier.

Biomarkers measured in studies

Laboratory and clinical measures the studies report tracking, including which hormones did and did not change.

  • Human study humans n = 10 2025 Observational, human
    Primary cultures of myoblasts were set up from the muscle tissue of inactive women and treated with the ERRs agonist, SLU-PP-332, for subsequent qualitative and quantitative investigations.
    Source pmid-40692696 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

What is measured over time, and what is not

Mouse studies ran two to four weeks. Nothing has been measured in a person over any period.

Editorial synthesis Written from general pharmacology, the development record and what is commonly reported; not a cited finding. Cited findings on this page carry their own tier.

Study durations

Treatment and follow-up periods as stated in each abstract.

  • Human study humans 2023 Observational, human
    Durations stated: 21 month; 8 weeks; 3 weeks
    A pan-ERR agonist, SLU-PP-332, was used to treat 21-month-old mice for 8 weeks.
    Source pmid-37717940 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added

Routes used in the studies

Routes of administration named in each study.

  • Animal study mice 2026 Animal, preclinical
    administration by oral route reported
    We previously developed an ERR pan-agonist, SLU-PP-332 (332), which improves aerobic performance in mice but lacks oral bioavailability.
    Source pmid-41421047 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

What people report outside the literature

What circulates in user communities and clinic marketing, reported so a reader knows the figures and their origin. None of it has been tested in a trial, and none of it is a suggestion.

  • SLU-PP-332 circulates for fat loss and endurance as tablets or capsules and as a powder for injection. Reported effects are stamina and fat loss; reported side effects are headache, fatigue and a yellow colour in reconstituted solution, which is the compound's own colour rather than degradation. None of this comes from a human study. Figures for this compound circulate on forums and vendor pages. None has been tested in a human study, so none is reproduced here; the table above holds every dose a study actually administered.Editorial synthesis
    Editorial synthesis from general knowledge
Method note · shared across compounds

Reconstitution mathematics

Lyophilised peptide is supplied as a mass in a vial and dissolved in a stated volume of diluent. Two figures follow from that and nothing else:

  • Concentration = mass in vial ÷ diluent volume. A 5 mg vial in 2 mL is 2.5 mg/mL, or 2,500 mcg/mL.
  • Volume for a given mass = that mass ÷ concentration. 250 mcg at 2,500 mcg/mL is 0.1 mL. On a U-100 insulin syringe, where 1 mL is 100 units, that is 10 units.

Study doses on this page are quoted as published, in the units the authors used. Converting between mcg, mg and IU, or between a mass and a syringe volume, is arithmetic; deciding a mass is not, and this page does not do it. The reconstitution calculator performs the conversion with the formula shown.

Method note · shared across compounds

Reading a certificate of analysis

A certificate of analysis is a laboratory report on one batch. Reading it means checking four things in order.

  1. Identity. Mass spectrometry should report an observed molecular mass matching the peptide's theoretical mass within the instrument's stated tolerance. A certificate with no mass spectrometry, or one that lists only the expected value, has not confirmed identity.
  2. Purity. HPLC purity is the area of the main peak as a share of all peaks, at a stated wavelength. It says nothing about what the other peaks are, and it is not a measure of quantity.
  3. Quantity. Net peptide content, by amino acid analysis or UV, is the fraction of the vial's mass that is peptide rather than counter-ions and water. A 5 mg vial at 80% net content holds 4 mg of peptide, and every concentration figure above changes accordingly.
  4. Provenance. The batch number on the certificate should match the vial, the laboratory should be named and independent of the seller, and the test date should be recent.

This page rates no supplier and links to none. It describes how to read the document.

Method note · shared across compounds

Equipment described in studies

Published human studies of injectable peptides report the same small set of materials: single-use insulin syringes with fixed needles, most often U-100 with 29 to 31 gauge needles; bacteriostatic water or sterile water for injection as diluent, with the choice stated in the methods; alcohol swabs; and refrigerated storage of reconstituted solution. Animal studies more often report intraperitoneal or intragastric administration and state the vehicle used. Where a study in this record's ledger names its materials or vehicle, that sentence appears under storage or routes above; where it does not, nothing is assumed here.

Storage and handling

As a small molecule it is more stable than a peptide: powder at room temperature or refrigerated, away from light; solutions refrigerated. Reconstituted solution is yellow, which is the compound's colour.

Editorial synthesis Written from general pharmacology, the development record and what is commonly reported; not a cited finding. Cited findings on this page carry their own tier.

Common mistakes in how SLU-PP-332 is discussed

  • Calling it a peptide. It is a small molecule; that changes stability, absorption and how it should be thought about.
  • Reading mouse endurance as human fat loss. Twelve papers, one group, no people.
  • Comparing it with retatrutide. One is a research tool with no human data; the other has phase 3 trials.
  • Treating "exercise in a pill" as a description rather than a hypothesis. The phrase describes which genes switch on in mice.

Editorial synthesis Written from general pharmacology, the development record and what is commonly reported; not a cited finding. Cited findings on this page carry their own tier.

SLU-PP-332 vs other metabolic compounds in this reference

CompoundType and mechanismHuman evidenceStatus
SLU-PP-332Small molecule; ERR pan-agonistNoneNot approved
TesofensineSmall molecule; triple monoamine reuptake inhibitorPhase 2 and 3 trialsNot approved in most jurisdictions
AOD-9604Growth hormone fragmentPhase 2 trials; failedNot approved
MOTS-cMitochondrial peptide; AMPKObservational human studies; analogue in phase 1Not approved

Class records: tesofensine, AOD-9604; MOTS-c and retatrutide are the compounds it is most often compared with online.

Editorial synthesis Written from general pharmacology, the development record and what is commonly reported; not a cited finding. Cited findings on this page carry their own tier.

Other compounds in its class

Same class in the registry: AOD-9604, Tesofensine. Each row shows what that compound's own record states; nothing is inferred across rows.

3 compounds in the metabolic other class. Each row states what that compound's own record says; nothing is inferred across rows.
CompoundTierPublicationsRCTsRecord
SLU-PP-332 Observational, human 12 0 draft
AOD-9604 Human clinical trial 25 0 draft
Tesofensine Human clinical trial 63 12 draft

Regulatory status

Registry facts only. Jurisdiction-level status, compounding categories and sport prohibitions need their own cited documents before they appear here.

  • Not approved anywhere and never tested in a human trial. WADA's Prohibited List bans metabolic modulators that activate the same exercise-related pathways (class S4.4, which names compounds such as GW1516); whether SLU-PP-332 falls within that class turns on the list's wording, and an athlete should treat it as prohibited until told otherwise.Editorial synthesis
    Editorial synthesis from general knowledge · primary document to be added to the ledger

Open questions and limitations

What is genuinely unknown, stated plainly. A missing field is not evidence that the outcome is safe, effective, or established.

  • No study in this record's ledger reports doses used for SLU-PP-332.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports weight-normalized doses for SLU-PP-332.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports dose-escalation schedules for SLU-PP-332.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports interactions with other agents for SLU-PP-332.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports exclusion criteria for SLU-PP-332.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports adverse events or their frequency for SLU-PP-332.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports onset or duration of effects for SLU-PP-332.
  • No randomized controlled trial of SLU-PP-332 is indexed in Europe PMC.

Questions people ask

What is SLU-PP-332?

A small synthetic molecule that activates the estrogen-related receptors, transcription factors controlling mitochondrial and fat-oxidation genes. Developed at Saint Louis University as a research tool and described as an exercise mimetic.

Is SLU-PP-332 a peptide?

No. It is a small molecule, which is why it is sold as tablets as well as powder and is more stable than peptides.

Has SLU-PP-332 been tested in humans?

No. No trial exists or is registered. The human entries in the evidence table are tissue and cell studies.

What does SLU-PP-332 do?

In mice: longer endurance, higher energy expenditure, less fat gain on a high-fat diet, and better heart function in a disease model.

Is there a SLU-PP-332 dose?

No human dose has been studied. Mice received tens of milligrams per kilogram by injection; figures that circulate for people have not been tested and are not reproduced here.

What are the side effects of SLU-PP-332?

Unknown in people. Community reports mention headache and fatigue. The receptors it activates are involved in cancer biology, which is the theoretical concern.

Is SLU-PP-332 FDA approved?

No, and it has never been in a clinical trial.

Is SLU-PP-332 banned in sport?

Likely, under WADA's metabolic modulator class S4.4, which bans activators of the exercise pathways it targets. The list's wording decides; athletes should assume it is prohibited.

Why is SLU-PP-332 solution yellow?

It is the compound's own colour, not a sign of degradation.

SLU-PP-332 vs retatrutide?

Not comparable: retatrutide is a triple hormone agonist with phase 3 trials and about 24 percent weight loss in phase 2; SLU-PP-332 has mouse data only.

Does SLU-PP-332 build muscle?

In mice it increased oxidative muscle fibres, the endurance type, not muscle size. Nothing in people.

How long does SLU-PP-332 take to work?

Mouse studies ran two to four weeks. Nothing has been measured in a person.

What is an exercise mimetic?

A compound that switches on some of the gene programmes exercise does, here through the estrogen-related receptors. The phrase describes mechanism in animals, not a result in people.

Who developed SLU-PP-332?

Thomas Burris's laboratory at Saint Louis University; successor compounds are being developed commercially.

How should SLU-PP-332 be stored?

Powder away from light at room or fridge temperature; solutions refrigerated.

How many SLU-PP-332 studies exist?

Twelve indexed publications, mostly from one group; eight primary studies are tabulated on this page.

Sources

Full citations. Every claim above links to one of these by its id.

  1. 1
  2. 2
  3. 3
  4. 4
  5. 5
  6. 6
    A Synthetic ERR Agonist Alleviates Metabolic Syndrome.
    pmid-37739806 · · peer-reviewed
  7. 7
  8. 8
  9. 9

Reference card

Reference card · generated /compounds/slu-pp-332
Compound
SLU-PP-332, metabolic other
Evidence tier
Observational, human
Indexed publications
12 · 0 RCTs · 0 other clinical trials
Approval
no registered development programme found
Routes reported
oral
Reviewed
Adam Mirando, PharmD,

Study figures are as published in each source and are not recommendations. Print or save this card with its date.

Last reviewed and what changed

Newest first. These are the record's own revision dates, and the same dates feed the sitemap.

  1. · Reviewed by Adam Mirando, PharmD, on 2026-09-25.
  2. · Label correction: 1 evidence rows built from detection and doping-control papers carried study designs such as animal or in-vitro work. They are relabelled Analytical method, the label scripts/draft_claims.py has applied since the rule was added; these rows predate it. pmid-41588687 (In vitro study -> Analytical method)
  3. · Written guide, FAQ to 16, mechanism, reported-use (no circulating figures reproduced) and regulatory editorial sections; intent-driven H1 and title.
  4. · Claims drafted extractively from 9 ledger sources by scripts/draft_claims.py: 4 claims, 8 evidence-table rows. Status researched -> draft.
  5. · Claims drafted extractively from 9 ledger sources by scripts/draft_claims.py: 9 claims, 8 evidence-table rows. Status researched -> draft.
  6. · Evidence fetched from Europe PMC and ChEMBL by scripts/fetch_evidence.py; claims not yet written.