Dashnaiv Peptides
Compounds·incretin & amylin analogs·GLP-1 receptor agonist

Semaglutide

What 6,039 indexed publications and 305 randomized trials actually state about semaglutide, sentence by sentence, each tied to its source and labeled by the kind of evidence it is.

Approved label 27 sources Updated Also: Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy

At a glance

Evidence availability
Approved label
Regulator-reviewed label exists
Indexed publications
6,039
Europe PMC, title or abstract, 2026-09-09
Human studies in ledger
21
17 randomized; study count, not efficacy proof
Approval
2017
ChEMBL phase 4 · ATC A10BJ06
Routes reported
intravenous, oral, subcutaneous
from studies in this ledger
Studied in
Humans
22 primary studies in the evidence table
Compiled from 27 indexed sources, updated . Cited findings carry an evidence tier; passages written from general knowledge are marked editorial synthesis. Nothing here is medical or dosing advice. What changed

What it is

Semaglutide is a peptide in the incretin & amylin analogs class (GLP-1 receptor agonist). Europe PMC indexes 6,039 publications naming it or a listed alias in a title or abstract, including 305 randomized controlled trials and 198 clinical trials of any design, as of . The strongest evidence tier in that literature is an approved medicine with a regulator-reviewed label.

This page reports what those studies state, sentence by sentence, with each statement tied to its source and labeled by the kind of evidence it is. It does not recommend use, and it does not translate study doses into anything personal.

What the evidence level means

Publication counts show what is indexed, not how strong the evidence is. The ledger below separates human clinical records from preclinical, analytical, and in-vitro work.

Human clinical studies in this ledger2117 randomized · 4 other human clinical
Evidence strengthNot yet assessedSeparate from evidence availability
Efficacy signalNot yet assessedRead the study result, not the tier alone

Interpretation boundary: An indexed publication count is a discovery measure. It does not establish efficacy, safety, approval, or a personal treatment plan.

What the evidence shows

One row per primary study in this record's ledger. Fields are read from each paper's indexing and abstract. "Analytical method" marks papers about detecting or measuring the compound rather than about its effects.

22 primary studies in this record's ledger, strongest evidence first. A dash means the abstract did not state the value.
StudyDesignnSpeciesDoseRouteDurationReported outcomeTier
Gullaksen 2026 Randomized controlled trial — Humans——— RHI increased compared to baseline (0.11, 95%CI [0.008;0.21], p = 0.03) but not compared to placebo in the semaglutide group (0.11, 95%CI [-0.04;0.24], p = 0.16). Human clinical trial
Loomba 2026 Randomized controlled trial 99 Humans2·4 mg; 30 mgsubcutaneous52 weeks At week 52, the proportion of participants who had an improvement in liver fibrosis and no worsening of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with zalfermin 30 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg was not… Human clinical trial
Rayner 2026 Randomized controlled trial — Humans1.0 mgsubcutaneous— Semaglutide reduced the risk of the main outcome versus placebo [hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval) 0.79 (0.69-0.89); P = .0002]. Human clinical trial
Schacht 2026 Randomized controlled trial — Humans3 mg/day; 7 mg/dayoral4 weeks; 8 weeks Semaglutide did not significantly reduce laboratory-assessed craving or drinks per day compared with placebo, but significantly reduced heavy drinking days (b=-0.580, 95% CI=-1.012, -0.148). Human clinical trial
Long 2026 Randomized controlled trial 30 Humans0.25 mg once weeklyoral4 weeks; 24 weeks At 24 weeks, combination therapy achieved significantly greater reductions in UACR compared with monotherapy and placebo (P Conclusion Combined canagliflozin and semaglutide therapy demonstrated superior short-term… Human clinical trial
Gill 2026 Randomized controlled trial 35 Humans14 mg; 4 mgoral4 week Semaglutide-treated participants exhibited a pattern of increased willingness to exert physical efforts with higher expected values of reward (treatment × visit × expected value interaction: χ2 = 12.024; P = .02). Human clinical trial
Ambika 2026 Randomized controlled trial 177 Humans——— Improvements in body mass index, waist circumference, SF-36 total score, and glycemic parameters were comparable between groups. Human clinical trial
Buse 2026 Randomized controlled trial 603 Humans2·4 mg; 1·0 mgsubcutaneous18 years; 68 weeks For the primary endpoint using the efficacy estimand, mean HbA 1c change was significantly greater with cagrilintide-semaglutide (2·4 mg each) versus semaglutide 2·4 mg (-1·91 percentage points [SE 0·04] vs -1·75… Human clinical trial
Lake 2026 Phase 2 clinical trial 36 Humans1 mg—— Lipidomics: semaglutide reduced triglycerides, diglycerides, and sphingomyelins and increased some bile acids and phosphatidylcholines. Human clinical trial
Plotkin 2026 Randomized controlled trial — Humans25 mg; 2.4 mgoral, subcutaneous— Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, has demonstrated significant weight loss benefits for patients with overweight or obesity in both oral and subcutaneous (s.c.) formulations. Human clinical trial
Ambika 2026 Randomized controlled trial 314 Humans—subcutaneous65 years; 24 weeks At Week 24, both treatments produced significant and comparable reductions in HbA1c (Test: -2.04%, Reference: -1.95%; p Conclusions The Test synthetic semaglutide injection demonstrated non-inferior glycaemic efficacy,… Human clinical trial
Hendershot 2026 Randomized controlled trial 45 Humans0.25 mg; 0.5 mgsubcutaneous— Supplementary change score analyses indicated significantly greater reductions in laboratory smoking (β = -0.69 [95% CI, -1.26 to -0.13]; P = .02; d = 0.67) in the semaglutide group vs the placebo group after treatment. Human clinical trial
Mulvagh 2026 Randomized controlled trial 9,495 Humans14 mgoral— Early (13 weeks) improvements in HbA1c (-0.87 percentage points), body weight (-2.54%), systolic BP (SBP, -3.84 mm Hg), pulse pressure (-3.81 mm Hg), hsCRP (-18.08%), total cholesterol (TC, -7.00%), non-high-density… Human clinical trial
Cronenberger 2026 Phase 1 clinical trial — Humans——— No significant changes were observed in midazolam exposure (AUC inf and C max ) following co-administration with semaglutide. Human clinical trial
Stanley 2026 Randomized controlled trial 35 Humans2.4 mg weekly; 2.4 mg—68 week BARI-STEP demonstrates that in people with a suboptimal clinical response after MBS, semaglutide results in substantial and clinically significant body weight reduction along with improvement in metabolic parameters… Human clinical trial
Corley 2026 Randomized controlled trial 45 Humans——32 week In adjusted analyses, semaglutide reduced epigenetic aging across multiple second- and third-generation clocks, including PhenoAge ( - 4.9 years/year, p = 0.004), PCGrimAge ( - 3.1, p = 0.007), GrimAge V2 ( - 2.3, p =… Human clinical trial
Pop-Busui 2026 Randomized controlled trial 9,650 Humans—oral— There was no heterogeneity in the risk reduction of MACE with oral semaglutide in participants with HF history (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.68-1.01) or without HF history (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98) (P for interaction = .77). Human clinical trial
Heymsfield 2026 Randomized controlled trial 507 Humans1.0 mg; 2.4 mgintravenous, subcutaneous48 weeks; 12 weeks Common adverse events for bimagrumab included muscle spasms, diarrhea and acne, and semaglutide was associated with nausea, diarrhea, constipation and fatigue. Human clinical trial
Park 2026 Randomized controlled trial 24 Humans——— Compared with usual care (n = 24), semaglutide (n = 22) led to a greater increase in the number of VR cells [high aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 activity and low side scatter (ALDHhiSSClow): +0.8% vs +34.8%; P = .036],… Human clinical trial
Vanlaer 2026 Human study 252 Humans1 mgsubcutaneous— — Observational, human
Yammine 2026 Human study — Humans0.25-1.0 mg—14 weeks — Observational, human
Yevusiak 2026 In vitro study — Humans——12 weeks; 16 weeks Discussion We hypothesize that gradual reduction of semaglutide will be associated with less weight regain and cardiometabolic deterioration compared with immediate cessation. Mechanistic, in vitro

Doses reported in studies

Each entry is a sentence quoted from the study's abstract, with the study's design, sample size and year in front of it. Comparator doses in the same sentence are not attributed to semaglutide.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 99 2026 Human clinical trial
    Doses stated in the abstract: 2·4 mg; 30 mg
    Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous zalfermin 7·5 mg plus subcutaneous semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 15 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg, semaglutide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 2·4 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, or placebo only once a week for 52 weeks.
    Source pmid-42456707 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans 2026 Human clinical trial
    Doses stated in the abstract: 1.0 mg
    In the FLOW trial (Evaluate Renal Function with Semaglutide Once-Weekly; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03819153), once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg versus placebo reduced the risk of major kidney, cardiovascular (CV) and mortality outcomes in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
    Source pmid-41728915 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans 2026 Human clinical trial
    Doses stated in the abstract: 3 mg/day; 7 mg/day
    Fifty individuals with moderate to severe AUD were randomized to receive semaglutide (3 mg/day for 4 weeks, then 7 mg/day for 4 weeks) or placebo for 8 weeks.
    Source pmid-42522065 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 30 2026 Human clinical trial
    Doses stated in the abstract: 0.25 mg once weekly
    In this randomized controlled trial, 120 patients with early-stage diabetic kidney disease were randomly allocated (1:1:1:1) to four groups (n = 30 each): canagliflozin (100 mg orally once daily), semaglutide (0.25 mg once weekly with escalation to 1.0 mg after 4 weeks), combination treatment, or placebo/control.
    Source pmid-42170981 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 35 2026 Human clinical trial
    Doses stated in the abstract: 14 mg; 4 mg
    Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive placebo or oral semaglutide, 14 mg (initiated at 4 mg and titrated using a 4-week dose-escalation regimen), adjunctive to their treatment as usual.
    Source pmid-42054055 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 603 2026 Human clinical trial
    Doses stated in the abstract: 2·4 mg; 1·0 mg
    Participants aged 18 years or older with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA 1c 7·0-10·5% [53-91 mmol/mol]) receiving metformin with or without an SGLT2 inhibitor, and a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 or more, were randomly assigned (8:8:2:8:8:1:1) to receive once-weekly subcutaneous cagrilintide 2·4 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg (hereafter cagrilintide-semaglutide [2·4 mg each]), semaglutide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 1·0 mg plus semaglutide 1·0 mg (hereafter cagrilintide-semaglutide [1·0 mg each]), semaglutide 1·0 mg, or corresponding placebo for 68 weeks.
    Source pmid-42251859 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added

Escalation schedules used in studies

How trials stepped doses, reported as study design.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 30 2026 Human clinical trial
    In this randomized controlled trial, 120 patients with early-stage diabetic kidney disease were randomly allocated (1:1:1:1) to four groups (n = 30 each): canagliflozin (100 mg orally once daily), semaglutide (0.25 mg once weekly with escalation to 1.0 mg after 4 weeks), combination treatment, or placebo/control.
    Source pmid-42170981 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 35 2026 Human clinical trial
    Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive placebo or oral semaglutide, 14 mg (initiated at 4 mg and titrated using a 4-week dose-escalation regimen), adjunctive to their treatment as usual.
    Source pmid-42054055 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 177 2026 Human clinical trial
    A total of 270 patients with body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 or ≥ 27 kg/m 2 with the presence of at least one of the weight-related comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus) were randomized (2:1) to receive either Test semaglutide (N = 177) or Reference semaglutide injection (N = 90) once weekly with dose escalation from 0.25 to 2.4 mg.
    Source pmid-42403263 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 314 2026 Human clinical trial
    Adults aged 18-65 years with T2DM and baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7.0% to ≤ 10.5% despite stable metformin therapy and diet & exercise control were randomised (1:1) to receive subcutaneous injections of Test semaglutide or Reference semaglutide once weekly for 24 weeks, using an identical dose-escalation regimen (from 0.25 to 2.0 mg per week).
    Source pmid-42219226 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

Adverse events and frequency

Events and their frequency as each study reported them, with the denominator where the abstract gives one.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 99 2026 Human clinical trial
    The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal, reported in 79 (80%) of 99 participants in the zalfermin 30 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg group, 61 (60%) of 101 participants in the zalfermin 30 mg group, 73 (73%) of 100 participants in the semaglutide 2·4 mg group, and 51 (51%) of 100 participants in the placebo group.
    Source pmid-42456707 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 603 2026 Human clinical trial
    Adverse events were reported in 524 (86·9%) of 603 participants in the cagrilintide-semaglutide (2·4 mg each) group, 491 (81·2%) of 605 in the semaglutide 2·4 mg group, 125 (82·2%) of 152 in the cagrilintide 2·4 mg group, 485 (81·6%) of 594 in the cagrilintide-semaglutide (1·0 mg each) group, 477 (78·5%) of 608 in the semaglutide 1·0 mg group, and 105 (70·5%) of 149 in the placebo group.
    Source pmid-42251859 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 35 2026 Human clinical trial
    Adverse events (AEs) were consistent with the known safety and tolerability profile of semaglutide, with no new safety concerns for the post-bariatric population.
    Source pmid-42174253 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans, 650 n = 9 2026 Human clinical trial
    Serious adverse event occurrence among participants with HF was similar with oral semaglutide (594 [53.8%]) and placebo (642 [57.1%]).
    Source pmid-41627802 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 507 2026 Human clinical trial
    Common adverse events for bimagrumab included muscle spasms, diarrhea and acne, and semaglutide was associated with nausea, diarrhea, constipation and fatigue.
    Source pmid-41772149 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • In vitro study humans 2026 Mechanistic, in vitro
    However, most individuals regain weight after abrupt withdrawal of semaglutide, with reversal of its beneficial cardiometabolic effects.
    Source pmid-42507673 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

Study durations

Treatment and follow-up periods as stated in each abstract.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 99 2026 Human clinical trial
    Durations stated: 52 weeks
    Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous zalfermin 7·5 mg plus subcutaneous semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 15 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg, semaglutide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 2·4 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, or placebo only once a week for 52 weeks.
    Source pmid-42456707 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans 2026 Human clinical trial
    Durations stated: 4 weeks; 8 weeks
    Fifty individuals with moderate to severe AUD were randomized to receive semaglutide (3 mg/day for 4 weeks, then 7 mg/day for 4 weeks) or placebo for 8 weeks.
    Source pmid-42522065 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 30 2026 Human clinical trial
    Durations stated: 4 weeks; 24 weeks
    In this randomized controlled trial, 120 patients with early-stage diabetic kidney disease were randomly allocated (1:1:1:1) to four groups (n = 30 each): canagliflozin (100 mg orally once daily), semaglutide (0.25 mg once weekly with escalation to 1.0 mg after 4 weeks), combination treatment, or placebo/control.
    Source pmid-42170981 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 35 2026 Human clinical trial
    Durations stated: 4 week
    Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive placebo or oral semaglutide, 14 mg (initiated at 4 mg and titrated using a 4-week dose-escalation regimen), adjunctive to their treatment as usual.
    Source pmid-42054055 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 603 2026 Human clinical trial
    Durations stated: 18 years; 68 weeks
    Participants aged 18 years or older with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA 1c 7·0-10·5% [53-91 mmol/mol]) receiving metformin with or without an SGLT2 inhibitor, and a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 or more, were randomly assigned (8:8:2:8:8:1:1) to receive once-weekly subcutaneous cagrilintide 2·4 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg (hereafter cagrilintide-semaglutide [2·4 mg each]), semaglutide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 1·0 mg plus semaglutide 1·0 mg (hereafter cagrilintide-semaglutide [1·0 mg each]), semaglutide 1·0 mg, or corresponding placebo for 68 weeks.
    Source pmid-42251859 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 314 2026 Human clinical trial
    Durations stated: 65 years; 24 weeks
    Adults aged 18-65 years with T2DM and baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7.0% to ≤ 10.5% despite stable metformin therapy and diet & exercise control were randomised (1:1) to receive subcutaneous injections of Test semaglutide or Reference semaglutide once weekly for 24 weeks, using an identical dose-escalation regimen (from 0.25 to 2.0 mg per week).
    Source pmid-42219226 · quoted verbatim from the abstract, emphasis added

Routes studied

Routes of administration named in each study.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 99 2026 Human clinical trial
    administration by subcutaneous route reported
    Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous zalfermin 7·5 mg plus subcutaneous semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 15 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg, semaglutide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 2·4 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, or placebo only once a week for 52 weeks.
    Source pmid-42456707 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans 2026 Human clinical trial
    administration by subcutaneous route reported
    In the FLOW trial (Evaluate Renal Function with Semaglutide Once-Weekly; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03819153), once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg versus placebo reduced the risk of major kidney, cardiovascular (CV) and mortality outcomes in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
    Source pmid-41728915 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans 2026 Human clinical trial
    administration by oral route reported
    This phase 2 double-blind, randomized, parallel-arm trial evaluated the effects of oral semaglutide on alcohol craving and consumption among treatment-seeking adults with alcohol use disorder (AUD).
    Source pmid-42522065 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 30 2026 Human clinical trial
    administration by oral route reported
    In this randomized controlled trial, 120 patients with early-stage diabetic kidney disease were randomly allocated (1:1:1:1) to four groups (n = 30 each): canagliflozin (100 mg orally once daily), semaglutide (0.25 mg once weekly with escalation to 1.0 mg after 4 weeks), combination treatment, or placebo/control.
    Source pmid-42170981 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 35 2026 Human clinical trial
    administration by oral route reported
    A total of 72 participants with a diagnosis of MDD and a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) of 25 or higher were randomized to oral semaglutide (n = 35) or placebo (n = 37).
    Source pmid-42054055 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 603 2026 Human clinical trial
    administration by subcutaneous route reported
    Participants aged 18 years or older with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA 1c 7·0-10·5% [53-91 mmol/mol]) receiving metformin with or without an SGLT2 inhibitor, and a BMI of 25 kg/m 2 or more, were randomly assigned (8:8:2:8:8:1:1) to receive once-weekly subcutaneous cagrilintide 2·4 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg (hereafter cagrilintide-semaglutide [2·4 mg each]), semaglutide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 1·0 mg plus semaglutide 1·0 mg (hereafter cagrilintide-semaglutide [1·0 mg each]), semaglutide 1·0 mg, or corresponding placebo for 68 weeks.
    Source pmid-42251859 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

Reported interactions

Sentences in which the compound is studied alongside another agent. Read the quotation: the word interaction can also be statistical.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 35 2026 Human clinical trial
    Semaglutide-treated participants exhibited a pattern of increased willingness to exert physical efforts with higher expected values of reward (treatment × visit × expected value interaction: χ2 = 12.024; P = .02).
    Source pmid-42054055 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 45 2026 Human clinical trial
    Semaglutide reduced cigarette craving (treatment-by-time interaction: β = -0.11 [95% CI, -0.20 to -0.03]; P = .01) and body weight (β = -0.04 [95% CI, -0.05 to -0.03]; P Conclusions and relevance In this phase 2a randomized clinical trial, semaglutide monotherapy did not significantly increase laboratory smoking resistance or reduce weekly cigarettes per day but reduced nicotine craving and body weight.
    Source pmid-42189538 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Phase 1 clinical trial humans 2026 Human clinical trial
    No significant changes were observed in midazolam exposure (AUC inf and C max ) following co-administration with semaglutide.
    Source pmid-42053447 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans, 650 n = 9 2026 Human clinical trial
    For participants with HF at baseline, the hazard ratio (HR) for risk of the composite HF outcome with oral semaglutide vs placebo was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63-0.96) and was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.84-1.20) in those without HF at baseline (P for interaction = .06).
    Source pmid-41627802 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

Exclusion criteria in studies

Who each trial excluded, as stated in the abstract.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 99 2026 Human clinical trial
    Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous zalfermin 7·5 mg plus subcutaneous semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 15 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, zalfermin 30 mg, semaglutide 2·4 mg, cagrilintide 2·4 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg, or placebo only once a week for 52 weeks.
    Source pmid-42456707 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 603 2026 Human clinical trial
    From Oct 10, 2023, to July 29, 2024, 3593 people were screened for eligibility, 2713 of whom were randomly assigned to cagrilintide-semaglutide (2·4 mg each; n=603), semaglutide 2·4 mg (n=605), cagrilintide 2·4 mg (n=152), cagrilintide-semaglutide (1·0 mg each; n=595), semaglutide 1·0 mg (n=609), or placebo (pooled 2·4 mg and 1·0 mg; n=149).
    Source pmid-42251859 · quoted verbatim from the abstract

Biomarkers measured in studies

Laboratory and clinical measures the studies report tracking, including which hormones did and did not change.

  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 99 2026 Human clinical trial
    The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal, reported in 79 (80%) of 99 participants in the zalfermin 30 mg plus semaglutide 2·4 mg group, 61 (60%) of 101 participants in the zalfermin 30 mg group, 73 (73%) of 100 participants in the semaglutide 2·4 mg group, and 51 (51%) of 100 participants in the placebo group.
    Source pmid-42456707 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans 2026 Human clinical trial
    In the FLOW trial (Evaluate Renal Function with Semaglutide Once-Weekly; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03819153), once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 1.0 mg versus placebo reduced the risk of major kidney, cardiovascular (CV) and mortality outcomes in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
    Source pmid-41728915 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 177 2026 Human clinical trial
    A total of 270 patients with body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m 2 or ≥ 27 kg/m 2 with the presence of at least one of the weight-related comorbidities (hypertension, dyslipidemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus) were randomized (2:1) to receive either Test semaglutide (N = 177) or Reference semaglutide injection (N = 90) once weekly with dose escalation from 0.25 to 2.4 mg.
    Source pmid-42403263 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 603 2026 Human clinical trial
    The amylin receptor agonist cagrilintide and the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide have complementary effects on glycaemic control and bodyweight.
    Source pmid-42251859 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Phase 2 clinical trial humans n = 36 2026 Human clinical trial
    Lipidomics: semaglutide reduced triglycerides, diglycerides, and sphingomyelins and increased some bile acids and phosphatidylcholines.
    Source pmid-42084141 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
  • Randomized controlled trial humans n = 314 2026 Human clinical trial
    Adults aged 18-65 years with T2DM and baseline glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7.0% to ≤ 10.5% despite stable metformin therapy and diet & exercise control were randomised (1:1) to receive subcutaneous injections of Test semaglutide or Reference semaglutide once weekly for 24 weeks, using an identical dose-escalation regimen (from 0.25 to 2.0 mg per week).
    Source pmid-42219226 · quoted verbatim from the abstract
Method note · shared across compounds

Reconstitution mathematics

Lyophilised peptide is supplied as a mass in a vial and dissolved in a stated volume of diluent. Two figures follow from that and nothing else:

  • Concentration = mass in vial ÷ diluent volume. A 5 mg vial in 2 mL is 2.5 mg/mL, or 2,500 mcg/mL.
  • Volume for a given mass = that mass ÷ concentration. 250 mcg at 2,500 mcg/mL is 0.1 mL. On a U-100 insulin syringe, where 1 mL is 100 units, that is 10 units.

Study doses on this page are quoted as published, in the units the authors used. Converting between mcg, mg and IU, or between a mass and a syringe volume, is arithmetic; deciding a mass is not, and this page does not do it. The reconstitution calculator performs the conversion with the formula shown.

Method note · shared across compounds

Reading a certificate of analysis

A certificate of analysis is a laboratory report on one batch. Reading it means checking four things in order.

  1. Identity. Mass spectrometry should report an observed molecular mass matching the peptide's theoretical mass within the instrument's stated tolerance. A certificate with no mass spectrometry, or one that lists only the expected value, has not confirmed identity.
  2. Purity. HPLC purity is the area of the main peak as a share of all peaks, at a stated wavelength. It says nothing about what the other peaks are, and it is not a measure of quantity.
  3. Quantity. Net peptide content, by amino acid analysis or UV, is the fraction of the vial's mass that is peptide rather than counter-ions and water. A 5 mg vial at 80% net content holds 4 mg of peptide, and every concentration figure above changes accordingly.
  4. Provenance. The batch number on the certificate should match the vial, the laboratory should be named and independent of the seller, and the test date should be recent.

This page rates no supplier and links to none. It describes how to read the document.

Method note · shared across compounds

Equipment described in studies

Published human studies of injectable peptides report the same small set of materials: single-use insulin syringes with fixed needles, most often U-100 with 29 to 31 gauge needles; bacteriostatic water or sterile water for injection as diluent, with the choice stated in the methods; alcohol swabs; and refrigerated storage of reconstituted solution. Animal studies more often report intraperitoneal or intragastric administration and state the vehicle used. Where a study in this record's ledger names its materials or vehicle, that sentence appears under storage or routes above; where it does not, nothing is assumed here.

Other compounds in its class

Same class in the registry: Cagrilintide, Retatrutide, Survodutide, Tirzepatide. Each row shows what that compound's own record states; nothing is inferred across rows. Head-to-head evidence, where any exists, is on the comparison pages: Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide, Cagrilintide vs Semaglutide, Semaglutide vs Retatrutide.

5 compounds in the incretin & amylin analogs class. Each row states what that compound's own record says; nothing is inferred across rows.
CompoundTierPublicationsRCTsRecord
Semaglutide Approved label 6,039 305 draft
Cagrilintide Human clinical trial 105 15 draft
Retatrutide Human clinical trial 197 7 draft
Survodutide Human clinical trial 91 10 draft
Tirzepatide Approved label 2,756 131 draft

Studied in combination

Whether any indexed study tested Semaglutide together with the compounds it is commonly combined with. A count of zero is the finding, not a gap in this page.

Regulatory status

Registry facts only. Jurisdiction-level status, compounding categories and sport prohibitions need their own cited documents before they appear here.

  • ChEMBL CHEMBL2108724: maximum clinical phase 4, first approval 2017, ATC A10BJ06. Jurisdiction-level status pending human review.Approved label
    Registry entry

Open questions and limitations

What is genuinely unknown, stated plainly. A missing field is not evidence that the outcome is safe, effective, or established.

  • No study in this record's ledger reports weight-normalized doses for Semaglutide.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports onset or duration of effects for Semaglutide.
  • No study in this record's ledger reports storage or stability for Semaglutide.

Questions people ask

Has Semaglutide been tested in humans?

Yes. Europe PMC indexes 198 clinical trials and 305 randomized controlled trials naming Semaglutide or a listed alias in the title or abstract. The evidence table above lists the ones in this record's ledger with their design and sample size; check the study name, since an alias can refer to a different formulation of the same molecule.

What kind of evidence exists for Semaglutide?

The strongest tier is approved label: an approved medicine with a regulator-reviewed label. Every claim on this page carries its own tier, because a compound with one human trial and forty animal studies is described by both facts, not the better one.

Is Semaglutide an approved medicine?

ChEMBL records CHEMBL2108724 at maximum clinical phase 4, first approved 2017. Approval status differs by jurisdiction and is pending human review on this record.

Which species has Semaglutide been studied in?

Studies in this record's ledger report work in: Humans. Findings in one species do not transfer to another, and weight-normalized doses in particular do not scale linearly between them.

Sources

Full citations. Every claim above links to one of these by its id.

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Show the remaining 15 sources
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    Obesity Management in Adults: A Review.
    pmid-38015216 · · peer-reviewed
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    The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide.
    pmid-31031702 · · peer-reviewed
  15. 27

Reference card

Reference card · generated /compounds/semaglutide
Compound
Semaglutide, incretin and amylin analogs
Evidence tier
Approved label
Indexed publications
6,039 · 305 RCTs · 198 other clinical trials
Approval
approved (2017) · ATC A10BJ06
Routes reported
intravenous, oral, subcutaneous

Study figures are as published in each source and are not recommendations. Print or save this card with its date.

Last reviewed and what changed

Newest first. These are the record's own revision dates, and the same dates feed the sitemap.

  1. · Claims drafted extractively from 27 ledger sources by scripts/draft_claims.py: 40 claims, 22 evidence-table rows. Status researched -> draft.
  2. · Claims drafted extractively from 27 ledger sources by scripts/draft_claims.py: 42 claims, 22 evidence-table rows. Status researched -> draft.
  3. · Claims drafted extractively from 27 ledger sources by scripts/draft_claims.py: 42 claims, 22 evidence-table rows. Status researched -> draft.
  4. · Claims drafted extractively from 27 ledger sources by scripts/draft_claims.py: 42 claims, 22 evidence-table rows. Status researched -> draft.
  5. · Evidence fetched from Europe PMC and ChEMBL by scripts/fetch_evidence.py; claims not yet written.